Research standards

Methodology

NeracaBola is a research product, not a news feed. These principles govern what we publish and how it is presented.

1. 01

   Primary Sources First

   We prefer audited financial statements, company filings, league publications and official club disclosures. Media reporting is used only where primary documents are unavailable, and is labelled as such.

2. 02

   Every Figure Carries A Status

   Each value is labelled Reported, Calculated or NeracaBola Estimate. Reported means directly disclosed by the underlying source. Calculated means an arithmetic calculation using reported data. NeracaBola Estimate means an estimate or reconstruction made by NeracaBola, and is never presented as an audited fact.

3. 03

   Financial Years Matter

   Football clubs may have different reporting periods. Every figure is shown with the financial year it belongs to, and comparisons display the relevant period for each club.

4. 04

   Accounting ≠ Cash Flow

   Transfer accounting, wages and player amortisation may differ substantially from cash payment schedules. A club can report a loss while collecting cash, or report profit while owing instalments.

5. 05

   Transparency

   Every important figure is linked to its source whenever possible. Where a source is missing, the value is shown as “—” rather than filled by inference.